The Unplanned 'Ghetto': Immigrant work patterns in 19th century Manchester

The research presented here considered the well-documented phenomenon of immigrant clustering in niche trades or occupations and compares immigrant and non-immigrant groups within the same poverty \'ghetto\' - the Red Bank area of Manchester. The research used primary census data and contemporary maps to analyse the socio-economic and spacial structure of the \'ghetto\'.The findings suggest that the (primarily Jewish) immigrant group studied here was concentrated in a significantly narrow band of occupations in comparison with non-immigrants in the ares and that immigrants from the same occupation group tended to live in household clusters. Analysis of work-home distances using \'space syntax\' techniques suggests that the occupants of the \'ghetto\' area of the city tend to work very close to home, whilst more long-standing immigrants living in the lower middle-class district adjacent to the area worked in locations which provided them with the potential for economic integration.Whilst these findings suggest that the immigrants had identifiable differences from their \'ghetto\' area neighbours, the research also highlighted findings that suggest that the inhabitants of the district of Red Bank - taken as a group - were different in their occupational structure from the city as a whole. \'Space syntax\' analysis of the spacial integration of the area indicated that it was significantly segregated from the central business district, despite it being geographically quite proximate. These findings, coupled with other research undertaken into social class structure, suggest that the non-Jewish inhabitants of the Red Bank district were also distinctive in their social and spacial patterns when compared to the city overall, thus the inhabitants of the \'ghetto\' area had unique characteristics which distinguished them from inhabitants of the other areas of the city.This paper concludes with the suggestion that certain areas of cities are especially prone to settlement by the disadvantaged, due to characteristics that make areas firstly, tend to be economically unsuccessful due to their spacial segregation and secondly, less attractive to those who have the means to move elsewhere and that such areas are not so much defined by their immigrant constituents, but by their long-standing inhabitants that cannot move elsewhere

The spatial form of poverty in Charles Booth\'s London

This paper reviews recent research into poverty and spatial form and describes how the application of space syntax methods to this research area, coupled with the use of primary data from the Charles Booth maps of Povertyin 19th century London, has enabled analysis of the socio-economic and spatial structure of areas frequently perceived as \'ghettos\'. Through a comparison of two distinctive areas of London - Soho in the West End and the famously poor area of London\'s East End, the analysis shows a consistentcorrespondence between poverty and spatial segregation. Booth\'s economically based \'line of poverty\', used to distinguish between those \'in poverty\' and those living \'in comfort\' is supplemented in this paper by a proposed spatially defined line of poverty, distinguishing between poor, spatiallysegregated streets and more prosperous, spatially integrated streets. Furthermore, through the application of the latest segment angular techniques, space syntax analysis reveals a new finding relating to the formation of poverty areas, which combine low integration with large numbers of small street blocks, suggesting that this combination of spatial factorshelps explain the persistence of poverty and poor quality housing, detrimental to the living standards of the poverty classes. This finding also helps explain how such areas can create a sense of entering \'another world\', with the emergence of sub-cultures and new communities. The paperconcludes with the proposition that when such areas are located close to economically active, well integrated streets, such spatial patterning can serve as a necessary mechanism for the social integration of minorities and is frequently part of a natural process of acculturation and integration in the urban environment

The relationship between physical segregation and social marginalisation in the urban environment

This paper posits a relationship between the urban location of immigrant quarters and the likelihood that the inhabitants of such areas will improve themselves economically. The application of space syntax methods to this research, coupled with the use of primary census data, the Charles Booth maps of Poverty in 19th century London and historial maps of London, Manchester and Leeds, has enabled analysis of street scale data, to study the socio-economic and spatial structure of areas frequently perceived as \'ghettos\'.This paper suggests that some urban areas are especially prone to settlement by impoverished immigrants, due to characteristics that make such areas first, tend to be economically unsuccessful due to their spatial segregation and second, less attractive to those who have the means to move elsewhere. It concludes that such areas are not so much defined by their immigrant constituents, but by their long-standing inhabitants that cannot move elsewhere. Analysis of the relationship between poverty and spatial segregation in such areas, suggests a strong relationship between the physical separation of poverty areas from the economic life of the city, and the lack of potential for the economically marginalized to ultimately integrate into society

Computer program analyzes generalized environmental control and life support systems

Versatile computer program analyzes environmental control and life support systems. The program permits changes of system component arrangements, component design details, and operating modes. It is written in FORTRAN language for use on the IBM 7094 computer

The city as one thing

This paper summarises the latest theories in the field of space syntax. It opens with a discussion of the relationship between the form of urban grids and the process of how cities are formed by human activity; this is done by a comprehensive review of space syntax theory from its starting point in the1970s. The paper goes on to present research into how cities balance the micro-economic factors which shape the spatial structure of cities with the cultural factors that shape the underlying form of residential areas. It goes on to discuss the relationship between activity and space and how this relationship is formed by the way different activities make different demands on movement and co-presence. The paper ends with a discussion regarding the manner in which patterns of spatial integration influence the location of different classes and social groups in the city and contribute to the pathology of housing estates. The paper concludes that spatial form needs to be understood as a contributing factor in forming the patterns of integration and segregation in cities

The Jewish 'ghetto': formation and spatial structure

Research into patterns of immigrant settlement has consistently indicated that certain areas of cities are prone to settlement by immigrant groups. This paper proposes that immigrant settlement of such areas may have a particular spacial pattern. Taking the case of the settlement of Leeds, England by Jewish immigrants in the latter six decades of the nineteenth century, we describe the formation of the immigrant Jewish settlement in the area called Leylands.The paper shows first, that Leylands was spacially segregated in comparison with the city overall; and second, that the pattern of settlement was one of intensification of particular streets through time, whereby initially the main, relatively integrated streets were settled, with occupancy moving as time went on to more segregated streets.Analysis of social class defined by occupation suggests that the whole population of Leylands was much poorer than that of Leeds overall. This paper suggests that since the poverty difference was present and possibly more pronounced for the majority, non-Jewish population, that the socio-economic form of the area settlement in Leeds was more likely to have been related to its spacial sgregation than to the social and economic segregation of the immigrant group. It is suggested that the particular characteristics special to certain immigrant groups allowed the Jews of Leylands to overcome their spacial segregation by employing strong social networks on the one hand and through economic mutual help on the other

Monopoly rents and price fixing in betting markets

Betting markets provide an ideal environment in which to examine monopoly power due to the availability of detailed information on product pricing. In this paper we argue that the pricing strategies of companies in the UK betting industry are likely to be an important source of monopoly rents, particularly in the market for forecast bets. Pricing in these markets are shown to be explicitly coordinated. Further, price information is asymmetrically biased in favor of producers. We find evidence, based on UK data, that pricing of CSF bets is characterized by a significantly higher markup than pricing of single bets. Although this differential can in part be explained by the preferences of bettors, it is reasonable to attribute a significant part of the differential as being due to monopoly power

The linear rms-flux relation in an Ultraluminous X-ray Source

We report the first detection of a linear correlation between rms variability amplitude and flux in the Ultraluminous X-ray source NGC 5408 X-1. The rms-flux relation has previously been observed in several Galactic black hole X-ray binaries (BHBs), several Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) and at least one neutron star X-ray binary. This result supports the hypothesis that a linear rms-flux relation is common to all luminous black hole accretion and perhaps even a fundamental property of accretion flows about compact objects. We also show for the first time the cross-spectral properties of the variability of this ULX, comparing variations below and above 1 keV. The coherence and time delays are poorly constrained but consistent with high coherence between the two bands, over most of the observable frequency range, and a significant time delay (with hard leading soft variations). The magnitude and frequency dependence of the lags are broadly consistent with those commonly observed in BHBs, but the direction of the lag is reversed. These results indicate that ULX variability studies, using long X-ray observations, hold great promise for constraining the processes driving ULXs behaviour, and the position of ULXs in the scheme of black hole accretion from BHBs to AGN.Comment: 4 Pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication by MNRAS